Carreira da Índia

A Biblioteca Nacional disponibiliza na íntegra o ficheiro PDF do Catálogo de manuscritos da «Aula da Esfera» do colégio jesuíta de Santo Antão, o qual se encontrava esgotado desde poucas semanas após a sua publicação.

Trata-se da mais famosa colecção de manuscritos científicos, tendo a «Aula da Esfera» sido a mais importante instituição de ensino e prática científica em Portugal no período entre 1590 e 1759, distinguindo-se não apenas pelo ensino de náutica, mas também por ter proporcionado a divulgação de alguns dos mais significativos progressos da ciência, na época: «as teorias astronómicas de Galileu e o debate cosmológico, o telescópio e outra instrumentação óptica, o uso de logaritmos e outras técnicas matemáticas, o ensino da cartografia científica, estudos de máquinas simples, o debate acerca do estatuto científico da matemática»

Os manuscritos (correspondendo essencialmente a notas de aulas) compreendes temas variados, nomeadamente:  matemática, astronomia, astrologia, cosmografia, geografia, engenharia, estática, náutica e navegação, arte militar, instrumentos científicos, máquinas e artefactos tecnológicos.

Prince Henry’s caravel was specially designed for these explorer’s needs. He found some clues in the caravos, ships used by Arabs since ancient times off the Egyptian and Tunisian coasts, modeled on the still more ancient fishing vessels that the Greeks had made of rushes and hide. These dhows, rigged with “lateen”, slanting ant triangular sails, carried Arab crews of as many as thirty, in addition to seventy horses. A similar smaller, even more maneuverable vessel, called the caravela (-ela = diminutive) was in use on the Douro River in northern Portugal. Prince Henry’s shipbuilders produced the famous caravel, which combined some of the cargo-carrying features of the Arab caravos with the maneuverability of the Douro River caravelas.

These remarkable little vessels were large enough to hold an explorer’s supplies for a small crew of about twenty, who usually slept on deck but in bad weather went below. The caravel displaced about fifty tons, was about seventy feet in length and about twenty-five feet in the beam, and carried two or three lateen sail. “The best ships that sailed the seas” was what Alvise da Cadamosto (1432?-1511), the experienced Venetian mariner, called the caravels in 1456 after his African voyage in a caravel organized by Prince Henry. The caravel became the discoverer’s standard ship. Columbus’ three ships – the Santa Maria, The Pinta, and the Niña – were all of caravel design, and the Santa Maria was only one-fifth as big as the large Venetian square-riggers of his day. The caravel proved that bigger was not always better. […]

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

At Sagres and at the nearby port of Lagos, experiments in shipbuilding produced a new type of ship without which Prince Henry’s exploring expeditions and the great seafaring adventures of the next century would not have been possible. The caravel was a ship specially designed to bring explorers back. The familiar heavy, square-rigged barca or the still larger Venetian carrack was suited for sailing with the wind. These worked well enough within the Mediterranean, where the size of a trading vessel was a measure of its profit, and by 1450 there were Venetian square-riggers of six hundred tons or more. A larger ship meant a bigger profit from more cargo.

A discovery ship had its own special problems. It was not a cargo-vessel, it had to go long distances in unfamiliar waters and had to be able, if necessary, to sail into the wind. An exploring ship was no good unless it could get there and back. Its important cargo was news, which could be carried in a small parcel, even in the mind of one man, but which was definitely a return product, While discovery ships did not need to be big, they had to be maneuverable, and adept at the return. […]

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

To Sagres came sailors, travelers, and savants from all over, each adding some new fragment of fact or some new avenue to facts. Besides Jews, there were Muslims and Arabs, Italians from Genoa and Venice, Germans and Scandinavians, and, as exploring advanced, tribesmen from the west coast of Africa. At Sagres, too, were manuscript records of the great travelers that Prince Henry’s brother Pedro had collected during his grand tour (1419-1428) of the European courts. In Venice Pedro had received a copy of Marco Polo’s travels along with a map “which had all the parts of the earth described, whereby Prince Henry was much furthered.”

With these facts came the latest navigating instruments and newest navigating techniques. The mariner’s compass was already well known, but its use was still haunted by superstitious fears of its occult power, believed to be akin to necromancy. Only a century before, tricks such as those performed with the lodestone had got Roger Bacon in trouble. At Sagres the compass, like other instruments, was tested only by whether it helped the mariner reach out farther and then find his way home. […]

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

Prince Henry, for all these reasons, made Sagres a center for cartography, for navigation, and for shipbuilding. He knew that the unknown could be discovered only by clearly marking the boundaries of the known. This meant, of course, junking the caricatures drawn by Christian geographers and replacing them with cautious, piecemeal maps. And this required an incremental approach.

In the spirit of the portolanos, the coast pilots, he accumulated the bits of many mariner’s experiences to fill out an unknown coast. The Jews, wherever they were, had long since become powerful cultural ambassadors and cosmopolitanizers. The Catalan Jew from Majorca, Jehuda Cresques, son of the cartographer Abraham Cesques, whom we have already met, was brought to Sagres, where he supervised the piecing together of the geographic facts brought back by Prince Henry’s seafaring explorers. […]

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

O Presidente da República preside hoje à inauguração da Casa de Vasco da Gama e do Museu de Sines, no Castelo da cidade onde nasceu o navegador, cuja vida será ‘contada’ através de uma instalação multimédia.

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A inauguração conta ainda com as apresentações musicais de Paulo Sousa (em representação da música da Índia), Mestre Galissa (Guiné Bissau) e vários agrupamentos da Escola das Artes de Sines, que se prolongarão até cerca das 15h00.

Na data em que Sines assinala 646 anos desde a sua elevação a vila por D. Pedro I, é aberta ao público a Casa virtual de Vasco da Gama, concebida pela empresa YDreams. O espaço, instalado na Torre de Menagem, local apontando como berço do navegador que descobriu o caminho marítimo para a Índia, constituirá um centro de evocação da vida e das viagens de Vasco da Gama e dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, recorrendo a uma instalação multimédia.

A biografia de Vasco da Gama, os espaços onde habitou no Castelo e as suas viagens pioneiras, com enfoque no contributo que tiveram para a criação do mundo moderno, serão apresentadas virtualmente, «dada a escassez de objectos que pudessem ser reunidos num trabalho mais tradicional».

Com um carácter interactivo, que permitirá ao visitante escolher o que quer explorar em cada fase do percurso, a instalação estará ainda preparada para receber todos os níveis etários, além de visitantes cegos e surdos.

O novo Museu da cidade, inaugurado na mesma ocasião, ocupará o rés-do-chão e o primeiro piso do Paço dos Governadores Militares (Alcáçova do Castelo), que servirá a partir de então de cenário a uma viagem por Sines ao longo do século XX, através de uma exposição que aí ficará patente até ao final de 2009.

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Lusa/SOL

The visitor to Portugal today can see a lighthouse on the ruins of the fortress that Prince Henry made his headquarters for forty years. There Prince Henry initiated, organized, and commanded expeditions, on the frontier of mystery. In the first modern enterprise of exploring, from that spot he sent out an unbroken series of voyages into the unknown. Today’s visitor to the harsh inhospitable cliffs of Sagres senses the appeal that place must have had for an ascetic prince who wanted to separate himself from the formalities of an effete court.

At Sagres Prince Henry became the Navigator. There he applied the zeal and energy of the crusader to the modern exploring enterprise. Prince Henry’s court was a primitive Research and Development Laboratory. In the crusader’s world the known was dogma ant the unknown was unknowable. But in the explorer’s world the unknown was simply the not-yet discovered. And all the trivia of everyday experience could become signposts. […]

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

But still the crusader, he organized a Portuguese fleet and declared his intention to capture Gibraltar from the infidels. When King John forbade that expedition after it was already underway, Prince Henry returned home sulking. Instead of joining the court in Lisbon where he would have shared the burdens of royal government, he went far southward through the Algarve to Portugal’s Land’s End, Cape Saint Vincent, the southwestern tip of Europe.

Ancient geographers had given a mystic significance to that extremity of land, the borderland of the watery unknown. “Sacred Promontory” (Promentorium Sacrum) was what Marinus and Ptolemy had christened it. The Portuguese, translating this into Sagres, made it the name of the nearby village.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

Prince Henry gathered information about the interior lands from which the treasures of Ceuta had come. He heard tales of a curious trade, “the silent trade”, designed for peoples who did not know each other’s language. The Muslim caravans that went southward from Morocco across the Atlas Mountains arrived after twenty days at the shores of the Senegal River. There the Moroccan traders laid out separate piles of salt, of beads from Ceutan coral, and cheap manufactured goods. Then they retreated out of sight. The local tribesmen, who lived in the strip mines where they dug their gold, came to the shore and put a heap of gold beside each pile of Moroccan goods. Then they, in turn, went out of view, leaving the Moroccan traders either to take the gold offered for a particular pile or to reduce the pile of their merchandise to suit the offered price in gold. Once again the Moroccan traders withdrew, and the process went on. By this system of commercial etiquette the Moroccans collected their gold. Tales of the bizarre process fired Prince Henry’s hopes.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

The Portuguese armada stormed the fortress at Ceuta on August 24, 1415, in a onde-sided battle. Well armed and armored, and supported by a contingent of English archers, they overwhelmed the Muslims, who were reduced to hurling rocks. Within a day the Portuguese crusaders had taken the Infidel stronghold and provided Prince Henry his moment of glory. Only eight Portuguese had been killed, while the city streets were piled with Muslim bodies. By afternoon the army had begun sacking the city, and the spiritual rewards of killing infidels were supplemented by more worldly treasure. This occasion gave Prince Henry his first dazzling glimpse of the wealth that lay hidden in Africa. For the loot in Ceuta was the freight delivered by the caravans that had been arriving there from Saharan Africa in the south and from the Indies in the east. In addition to the prosaic essentials of life – wheat, rice, and the salt – the Portuguese found exotic stores of pepper, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Ceutan houses were hung with rich tapestries and carpeted with Oriental rugs. All in addition to the usual booty of gold and silver and jewels. […].

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

Prince Henry, still only nineteen, was assigned the task of building a fleet up north in Oporto. After two years’ preparation, the Crusade against Ceuta was launched in an aura of miracles and omens. A monk near Oporto had a vision of the Virgin Mary handing a glittering sword to King John. There was an eclipse of the sun. Then Queen Philippa, after a long and ill-advised religious fast, fell mortally ill. Summoning the King and her three eldest sons, she gave each a fragment of the True Cross to wear in holy battle. To each prince she also gave a knightly sword, and with her expiring breath she blessed the expedition against Ceuta. A papal bull, solicited for the occasion, offered all the spiritual benefits of a Crusade to those who died in this effort.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

To celebrate his formal treaty of friendship with Castile in 1411, King John followed the chivalric custom of the age by planning a tournament, to last a full year. Knights were to be invited from all over Europe, and the jousts would give the King’s three eldest sons who had just reached manhood the opportunity to earn their knighthoods by public acts of chivalry. But the three princes, reinforced by the King’s treasurer, dissuaded King John from this expensive panoply. They urged him instead to offer them opportunity for deeds of Christian valor by launching a Crusade against Ceuta, a Muslim stronghold and trading center of the African side opposite Gibraltar. There, too, the King could atone for the Christian bloodshed in his earlier campaigns by “washing his hands in the blood of the infidel.” Young Prince Henry helped Plan this expedition, which, in a number of unexpected ways, was to shape his life.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

The traits of personality that made this lone adventure possible were not all attractive. Henry the Navigator compared himself with Saint Louis, but he was a much less engaging person. He lived like a monk, his biographers observe, and it is said that he died a virgin. At his death he was found to be wearing a hair shirt. All his life he was torn between crusading and exploring. His father, King John I, whose alternative sobriquets were the Bastard or the Great, founder of the Aviz dynasty, had seized the Portuguese throne in 1385. At the decisive battle of Aljubarrota, with the aid of English archers, John defeated the King of Castile and so secured the independence and the unity of Portugal. King John cemented his English alliance by marrying the devout and strong-willed Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, but he still kept his mistress in the palace to which she came as queen. “She found the Court a sink of immorality” a pious and optimistic latter-day Portuguese historian observes, “she left it as chaste as a nunnery.” And she bore the King six sons, the third of whom, Henry, was born in 1394.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

Still, to exploit its many advantages, Portugal needed a leader – someone to draw people together, to organize resources, to point the direction. Without such a leader all other advantages would have been nothing. Prince Henry the Navigator was a curious combination of a bold heroic mind and an outreaching imagination, with an ascetic stay-at-home temperament. Frigid to individuals, he was passionate for grand ideals. His talent of obstinacy and his power to organize proved essential for the first great enterprise of modern discovery.

In the perspective of history, it is not so surprising that the pioneer of modern exploration never himself went out on an exploring expedition. The great medieval adventure in Europe – crusading – called for risk of life and limb against the infidel. Modern exploration had to be an adventure of the mind, a thrust of someone’s imagination, before it became a worldwide adventure of seafaring. The great modern adventure – exploring – first had to be undertaken in the brain. The pioneer explorer was one lonely man thinking.

“The Portuguese Discoverers”, from “The Discoverers”, Daniel J. Boorstin, The National Board for the Celebration of Portuguese Discoveries, Lisbon, 1987

Concurso “Sete maravilhas de origem portuguesa no Mundo” arranca dia 10 de Dezembro
ANA VITÓRIA

São 22 os monumentos de origem portuguesa espalhados por África, Ásia e América do Sul, que estão classificados pela UNESCO. Este legado concorre agora ao título de Sete Maravilhas de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo. A eleição começa dia 10 de Dezembro.

É todo um vasto património (igrejas, construções religiosas, fortes, cidadelas e centros históricos) que carrega uma inimitável marca portuguesa. Este legado, que pode ser entendido como “a primeira experiência de globalização” e que já é Património da Humanidade, concorre agora a uma nova modalidade através da qual se pretende potenciar a sua divulgação e o seu conhecimento.

“Todos esses 22 monumentos lançam luz sobre a importância do contributo dos portugueses na construção do mundo contemporâneo “, afirmou ontem, em conferência de Imprensa, António Vitorino, o comissário da iniciativa.

“Cavalgar no que foi e é o sucesso da presença portuguesa no Mundo, divulgar o conhecimento legado pelos portugueses à escala planetária” é, pois, um dos objectivos do concurso que pretende relançar um olhar mais atento “por esses monumentos que exprimem a nossa vocação pelo diálogo com o outro e que evocam a nossa história e elevam a nossa auto-estima”, disse ainda o comissário.

“Trata-se de testemunhos fundamentais da História e da Cultura portuguesas, mas também constituem expressão da forma ímpar como nos soubemos inserir em terras e comunidades muito diversificadas”, justifica, por seu turno, Luís Segadães, responsável da empresa Sete Maravilhas, a mesma que, no ano passado, promoveu o concurso das “Sete maravilhas portuguesas”.

A iniciativa da empresa New 7 Wonders Portuglal, que tem como parceiro, entre outros, o “Jornal de Notícias”, conta com o apoio de várias entidades públicas (nomeadamente o Ministério da Cultura) e privadas.

“A nossa identidade não existe apenas em torno da língua (a quinta mais falada em todo o Mundo), mas também através da linguagem arquitectónica”, defendeu, a propósito, o ministro da Cultura, José António Pinto Ribeiro. O ministro apelou à promotora da iniciativa para que tudo faça, “e o faça com paixão”, no sentido de deixar “uma cicatriz no Mundo, ajudando a reconstruir, a divulgar e a tornar conhecido todo este património que também faz parte da nossa identidade”.

O ministro disse ainda que este projecto “deve contaminar as populações” tanto em Portugal como no seio da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (CPLP) e das geografias onde se inscreve esse património.

Também Andreia Galvão, subdirectora do IGESPAR (Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico), manifestou-se convicta do “impacto mediático e da visibilidade pública” da iniciativa que conduzirão “a um olhar global sobre esta parte do legado português no Mundo”.

A mesma responsável realçou ainda “a importância das parcerias com diversas entidades” e “a necessidade de agir em rede”.

A eleição destas novas sete maravilhas de origem portuguesa, que começa dia 10 de Dezembro, é em tudo semelhante às suas antecessoras: a das Novas Sete Maravilhas do Mundo, que decorreu à escala mundial, e a das Sete Maravilhas de Portugal.

O processo de votação decorrerá através da Internet ou por SMS, a exemplo do que já foi aplicado aquando da eleição das 7 Maravilhas de Portugal, que mobilizou a participação de 350 mil pessoas.

Cada participante é obrigado a votar em sete monumentos, o que evita o voto condicionado.

Os resultados deste novo concurso serão revelados no dia 10 de Junho de 2009, Dia de Portugal.

(via Jornal de Notícias)